What is a common consequence of exceeding critical Mach number?

Exceeding the critical Mach number commonly leads to buffeting and potential structural failure. The critical Mach number is defined as the lowest Mach number at which airflow over some part of the aircraft reaches Mach 1. When this point is exceeded, shock waves can form on the aircraft, often leading to turbulent flow and airflow separation.

This turbulent airflow can cause aerodynamic buffeting, which is a series of rapid oscillations that could affect the aircraft's stability and controllability. Continuous exposure to these shock waves can also stress the aircraft structure significantly, potentially leading to structural failure.

While increased fuel consumption might occur due to inefficient flying conditions, loss of control authority is typically linked to the effects of buffeting. Pilot disorientation, while a serious concern, is not a direct mechanical consequence of exceeding critical Mach number. Thus, the most direct and severe consequence is the risk of buffeting and structural integrity issues.